Review Article

Muhammad Noman Ashraf, Naghmana Aleem, Zabeehullah, Rida Junaid, Aqeel Khan

Published on : June 2024 | Volume : 1 Issue : 1

Abstract :

Waterpipe smoking is widely considered as safer alternative to cigarette smoking due to its filtration through water. However, recent studies suggested that waterpipe smoke may have significant genotoxic effects that could lead to different diseases. This rapid review aims to identify the effects of genotoxicity of waterpipe smoking. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated DNA damage, chromosomal changes etc associated with waterpipe smoking in human studies and laboratory models (in vitro and in vivo). Of total 211 studies searched, a total of 27 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most included studies were in vitro (cellular models) and in vivo (animal models), while fewer studies were based on human observations. Commonly reported markers included 8-OHdG and MDA for oxidative stress, and IL-6 and TNF-α for pro-inflammatory response. Network analysis revealed clusters related to genotoxicity markers, heart, bone marrow, lungs etc. These findings suggest a robust mechanistic basis for waterpipe smoke-induced genotoxicity in laboratory settings, though further human-based research is warranted to confirm these effects. This review consolidates evidence of genotoxic effects from waterpipe smoking, demonstrating that oxidative stress and inflammation play critical roles in mediating DNA damage which will further form basis of organ-associated diseases. Although in vitro and in vivo models provide valuable insights but human-based studies are needed to validate these mechanisms and inform public health strategies.